A team of over 200 researchers around the world, involving multiple health and scientific institutions, led by the University of Oxford, has today published, in the journal Nature, the first digital atlas showing the dynamics of normative maturation of each hemisphere of the fetal brain between 14 and 31 weeks gestation – a critical period of human development.
The atlas was produced using over 2,500 3-dimensional ultrasound (3D US) brain scans that were acquired serially during pregnancy from 2,194 fetuses in the INTERGROWTH-21st Project, which is a large population-based study of healthy pregnant women living in eight diverse geographical regions of the world (including five in the Global South), whose children had satisfactory growth and neurodevelopment at two standardized years of age.
An important scientific advance in neuroscience
The study is unique because, for the first time, an international dataset of 3D US scans, collected using standardized methods and equipment, has been analyzed with advanced artificial intelligence (AI) and image processing tools to construct a map showing how the fetal brain matures as pregnancy advances.
Demonstrating remarkably similar patterns of fetal brain growth and development across diverse populations represents an important scientific advance in neuroscience. The results are consistent with previously reported findings from the same INTERGROWTH-21st population for fetal skeletal growth, newborn size, and infant neurocognitive development. The results also highlight a vitally important public health message: a mother’s health, educational, nutritional, and environmental needs must be met to ensure that her child’s body and brain develop healthily.
The findings add to the global impact of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project, which has previously produced international standards for fetal growth, newborn size, and the postnatal growth of preterm babies widely adopted worldwide for clinical and research purposes.
Significant asymmetries in brain maturation
Professor Ana Namburete, the first author, whose research group developed the machine learning methods, said: ‘Using AI, we enhanced the visibility of brain structures in the 3D US images and generated an average depiction of the brain at each week of pregnancy during a critical development period. Uniquely, our atlas captured brain growth patterns from as early as 14 weeks gestation – filling a 6-week knowledge gap in our understanding of early fetal brain maturation. We also revealed significant asymmetries in brain maturation: for example, in the region associated with language development, which peaked at 20-26 weeks’ gestation and persisted after that without any differences between the sexes.’
Professor Stephen Kennedy, co-principal Investigator of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project, who jointly led the study, said: ‘The atlas will help scientists answer complex biological questions about the fetal origins of cognitive function in childhood, such as how language is acquired. Using the atlas in combination with the soon-to-be-published international standards describing the complementary growth of the fetal brain will be a valuable clinical tool in specialized referral centers when brain development appears abnormal on ultrasound.’
Nutritional and environmental needs are met
Professor José Villar, co-principal Investigator of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project, who jointly led the study, said: ‘This is the latest step in the systematic study of early human growth and development that confirms, using the most advanced research methodology applied to a large number of fetal brain scans, the similarities of growth and development of humans across the world when health, educational, nutritional and environmental needs are met: humans are very similar in all domains, including their brains when conditions are adequate.’
The fetal brain atlas can be found freely available online.
Within the University of Oxford, the project was led by the Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health and the Department of Computer Science, supported by the Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Engineering Science, Big Data Institute, and Department of Psychiatry.
The full paper, ‘Normative spatiotemporal fetal brain maturation with satisfactory development at two years,’ is published in Nature.
Photo: Mother and baby: Credit: Shutterstock.
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This article was originally published by the University of Oxford.
The INTERGROWTH-21st Project was supported by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.